![]() Hydrangea macrophylla is an shrub in the family Saxifragaceae. macrophylla and the development of new cultivars with other colors. These results provide an important basis for studying the infertile flower color formation mechanism in H. The potential regulatory mechanism of flower color formation may be that WER-like, MYB114, and WDR68 inhibit or promote the synthesis of anthocyanins by negatively regulating the expression of DFR. Their site of action may be the key gene DFR in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway. By analyzing protein–protein interaction networks and co-expression of transcription factors as well as differentially expressed structural genes related to anthocyanin synthesis, we identified negatively regulated transcription factors such as WER-like, MYB114, and WDR68. By FSF3, the downstream genes F3H, C3′5′H, CYP75B1, DFR, and ANS in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway were almost all up-regulated, likely promoting the synthesis and accumulation of anthocyanins and inducing the color change of infertile flowers. At FSF1, the key genes CHS and CHI in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway were up-regulated, underlying the accumulation of a substrate for anthocyanin synthesis. There was no competition between the flavonoid and flavonol and anthocyanin biosynthesis pathways for their substrate. The anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway is the main metabolic pathway associated with flower color formation, and the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway appeared to have almost no contribution to flower color. ![]() “Forever Summer,” we found that genes associated with anthocyanin production were most associated with the formation of blue infertile flowers throughout development. By comparing the pigment content and transcriptome data of the bud period (FSF1), discoloration period (FSF2) and full-bloom stage (FSF3) of infertile blue flowers of H. Thus far, the molecular mechanism of flower color formation in H. Hydrangea macrophylla has a large inflorescence and rich colors, which has made it one of the most popular ornamental flowers worldwide. 3College of Landscape and Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.2Department of Biology, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, NM, United States.1College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, China.Jiqing Peng 1* Xujie Dong 1 Chao Xue 1 Zhiming Liu 2 Fuxiang Cao 3*
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